Sartre, on the other hand, argues "synthetically" (concretely) for the rights of the Jew or the Arab or the woman (his examples) to vote as such in any election.
Unmarried women, for example, tend to vote Democratic, they say, while married women tend to vote Republican.
Numerous places had three-way races that created political dilemmas for many U.M.P. voters, who had to choose, for example, whether to vote for the National Front, which wanted to defeat the U.M.P., or for the Socialists, who wanted to do the same.
Only slowly are some governments coming to this view: probably no more than 10% of the Muslims in Germany, for example, are entitled to vote there.
Many voters in part of the district, for example, will get to vote not just once on Election Day, but twice, for their next member of Congress.
In Britain, blacks and Asians are becoming more numerous, and, in some quarters (urban Muslims, for example), more inclined to vote.
Joseph Kahne, an education professor who has studied civic learning, said that, by some measures, young people are woefully disengaged in civic life; for example, they tend to vote at lower rates than older citizens.
The entertainment industry has already adopted them: a music-television show in Austria, for example, asks viewers to vote for their favorite songs and send along a photo of themselves that is shown on the air.
If geographic location and ethnicity are taken into account, as many as two-thirds to three-fourths of rural indigenous women in the least-developed countries lack the basic literacy skills to claim their citizenship rights for example, the right to vote.
