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Genetic risk prediction has several potential applications in medical research and clinical practice and could be used, for example, to stratify a heterogeneous population of patients by their predicted genetic risk.
This assumption allowed us for example to stratify patients into risk groups described by risk-specific toxicity parameters [ 58].
Indeed, biomarkers of disease are often an aid in clinical trials, For example, to stratify patients so that only those likely to respond to a particular therapy receive it.
Having a simple and accurate tool that could predict future risk of dementia would be beneficial not only to researchers (for example, to stratify samples for clinical trial recruitment) but, from a clinical perspective, might also help to provide stratified or personalised care.
It is far preferable that genes are implicated on the basis of genetic analysis alone, or that experimental information be used in a statistically rigorous fashion to boost discovery power in the first place; for example, to stratify genes [ 9] or variants [ 10] into subsets in which the strength of association correlates with molecular functionality.
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As illustrated in the above examples, the ability to stratify and predict patient needs up-front opened the door for actions that enhanced process efficiencies, reduced operational costs, and improved patient outcomes.
A number of copy number aberrations (CNA) are proposed as prognostic biomarkers to stratify patients, for example 1q + in Wilms tumor (WT); current clinical trials use only one sample per tumor to profile this genetic biomarker.
Another issue with querying the microarray data of any experiment is the lack of full sample information to stratify results; for example, different exposures may be associated with a subset of the samples.
For example, diagnostic tests have been developed to stratify patients based on gene expression and are currently being prospectively evaluated.
In the field of oncology, transcriptional profiling is routinely utilized to stratify treatment regimens; for example, over-expression of the HER2/neu gene in breast cancer patients is used to inform the prescription of trastuzumab (Herceptin), whilst oestrogen receptor expression is associated with a better response to tamoxifen [8 10].
One-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) is an example of the use of genetic technologies to stratify patients.
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