Meanwhile, glycans on proteins inside cells participate in cells' responses to incoming biological signals, for example, helping to modulate gene expression and protein functions.
Table 1 Examples of modifications to modulate antibody effector function.
For example, ROS were demonstrated to modulate the activity of the Rph1 demethylase specifically at subtelomeres to remodel chromatin and extend lifespan [ 89].
For example, angiogenic factors are known to modulate both the synthesis of matrix proteins [ 41, 42].
For example, PA has been shown to modulate several proteins, including phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-5-kinase, protein phosphatase 1, and mammalian target of rapamycin.
For example, rTMS could be used to modulate obsessive-compulsive symptoms and brain activity in functional MRI and receptor-binding studies.
For example, TNF-α was proved to modulate heart failure by provoking hypertrophic growth in cardiac myocytes, and a recent study in neonatal cardiac myocytes showed that TNF was sufficient to trigger cardiac myocyte hypertrophy.
This concept is of clinical relevance as we might pre-treat/pre-condition patients with an expected trauma (for example, operation) with lipid emulsion to modulate an immune response.
For example, phosphorylation has been suggested to modulate α-synuclein's interaction with phospholipids and other proteins (e.g., tau), and nitrated α-synuclein is capable of inducing adaptive immune responses and may exacerbate microglial activation.
15-PGJ2-mediated inhibition of cytokine production and function may also ensue through PPARγ-independent pathways; for example, 15-PGJ2 has been shown to modulate IL-1β effects in human chondrocytes (Boyault et al, 2001) and to inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 production in human macrophages without PPARγ mediation.
