According to the official, Mr. Bremer said, " 'I need the money so bad we have to move off our principled opposition to the international community being in charge.' " A senior State Department official said the United States would still be consulted in the spending of aid money, for example to avoid duplication of spending.
Bracovirus PTPs are therefore a particularly good example to study how duplications are produced and maintained in the context of host-parasitoid relations.
To model changes in gene copy number, we simply changed the corresponding probability of transcription, for example, to model a gene duplication event, we multiplied the probability of that gene's transcription by two.
This hypothesis is not specific to gene dose in the context of sex chromosome evolution but should also apply to, for example, gene duplication and expansion of gene or protein domain families (Veitia 2005).
For example, gene duplication events giving rise to the subgroup including SlHAG19 to SlHAG26 likely occurred only in tomato while the orthogroup that comprises SlHAG6 appears to have experienced an expansion only in Arabidopsis.
A convincing objective confirmation of these clinical observations would be to demonstrate the effect of normative inversion along a duplication-deletion axis for example, classifying each duplication case and its inverse relative to proximity to the mean duplication and mean deletion cases (taking care to omit the test individual from the calculation of the mean duplication).
For example, gene duplication events may lead to a lineage-specific expansion that results in novel orthologues that can take on novel functions different from that of the parent gene.
For example, single small-scale duplications typically result in greater expression-level diversification relative to duplications via WGD in Arabidopsis (Casneuf et al. 2006).
For example, the duplication of the Dup.2 is not necessary to produce Figure 3C and the Dup.3 is not necessary to Figure 3D, i.e., Largidae and Pyrrhocoridae might have been formed separately.
For example, gene duplications are known to be involved in adaptive evolution in response to diet [ 2- 4], chemical challenge [ 5, 6], and reproductive incompatibility [ 7, 8].
