For example, the endogenous opioid system, implicated in both pain and rejection, also plays a key role in stress-induced analgesic effects53, which could explain the analgesic effects of acute experiences of social exclusion or separation54,55.
For example, the endogenous MMP inhibitor TIMP-1 defies ductal development in a gain-of-function setting, yet its absence has little or no effect on branching in a loss-of-function setting [ 32].
After removing duplicate structures (among them, for example, the endogenous ligand CDCA) and calculating standard 3D structures using Omega2 (www.openeye.com), 221 entries remained in the FXR-actives data set.
For example, ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor GHSR type 1a, is produced in gastric enteroendocrine cells.
For example, when the endogenous allele of TgCDPK1 is replaced with one carrying a methionine gatekeeper, it provides a background for sensitizing other kinases to the PP analogues, thereby allowing study of the phenotypes they regulate.
For example, we observed the endogenous level of XIAP, which is an apoptosis inhibitor that acts to suppress the transduction of pro-apoptosis signal from cytosolic DIABLO to activate CASP3, was significantly downregulated in DMD iPSC-CMs compared with the control iPSC-CMs.
For example, the fraction of endogenous mtDNA fragments that are above 80 bp in length is ∼11% in a Neandertal from El Sidron in Spain, ∼27% in a Neandertal from Vindija in Croatia, and ∼37% in a Neandertal from Feldhofer in Germany (Briggs et al, 2009).
Examples of putative DAMPs, the endogenous equivalents of PAMPs, are high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), some S100 proteins (S100A8/A9, S100A12), interleukins such as IL-1α, heat-shock proteins (HSPs), and nucleosomes [ 3].
Deacon [ 27] gives the example of endogenous ascorbic acid synthesis (vitamin C) existent among some primate lineages and missing in others.
For example, transgenic approaches showed that the endogenous ethylene produced in leaning trees acts as a key regulator of the asymmetrical cambial growth in Populus TW [ 9].
For example, the transcript levels of endogenous PIPs was noticeably affected by the over-expression of PIP1 4 and PIP2 5 in Arabidopsis plants under water stress conditions, it is therefore difficult to attribute the observed phenotypes to the abundance change of target gene or to the altered expression of other endogenous AQPs (Jang et al. 2007).
