The first example was the elucidation of the alizarin structure in 1868 (see above History of dyes: Natural dyes), followed a year later by its synthesis.
One good example supporting this expectation is the elucidation of the role of mitochondrial dynamics on ageing which was concluded from the identification of PaDnm1, a gene upregulated in the long-lived copper-uptake mutant grisea of P. anserina [29].
For example, they have proven their value in the elucidation of disease mode-of-actions such as for HIV-1 [ 30] and exploration of protein complexes in cell lysates with blue native gel electrophoresis [ 31].
Development of this resource has enabled comparative analyses to be carried out leading to the identification of strongly co-expressed genes and aiding the elucidation of biochemical pathways for example [ 13, 14].
The resolution thus afforded has allowed the elucidation of detailed sedimentary architecture; examples are drawn from the Llandovery turbidites of the Welsh Basin and the late Ordovician to early Silurian accretionary prism of the Southern Uplands of Scotland.
Here we summarize the tools, techniques, and resources available to the Ciona geneticist, citing examples of studies that employed such strategies in the elucidation of gene function in Ciona.
The elucidation of the role of the initiator is a good example of the usefulness of the "tendency" model for studying complex polymerization mechanisms.
An example of this stepwise process that integrates experiment and computational data has been demonstrated in the elucidation of a complex regulatory network that governs the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) signaling network [ 124].
Examples including the quantitative comparison of multiple compounds and mechanisms of action, target selection and the elucidation of clinical findings are reviewed.
Therefore the analysis of protein-protein interactions, either in vitro, using for example protein arrays, co-immunoprecipitation or affinity chromatography, or in vivo by two-hybrid assays is essential for the elucidation of biological processes and/or networks.
