For example, this helped reduce the cross section of Allt na Lairige Dam in Scotland to only 60percentt of that of a conventional gravity dam of the same height.
An example of point EDX in the cross section is presented in Figure8e.
As an example when ΩX is small the cross section of the crystallite is small and the scattered intensity is reduced.
This occurs, for example, when channels present sharp turns, the cross section of the channels is rectangular or the rib between channels is so small that very thin tubes would be required.
We demonstrate examples of beams with symmetric cross sections, loading and boundary conditions where, contrary to the engineer's intuition, slight perturbation of the symmetry (either in the cross section's geometry, or in the loading or boundary conditions) improves the overall structural response.
Overall, the design examples detail how the cross sections are initially assumed, how the straining actions are calculated, and how the stresses are checked and assessed against the design rules.
In the example displayed for HPAFII cells the lumen does not appear to be spherical at all, and while the long diameter is indeed comparable to the MDCK example, the transversal cross section seems to be under 10μm, according to the scale bar.
For example, the oval cross section of pinnipeds and the beaded profile of phocid seals demonstrate that evolution can select for different whisker shapes.
For example, the scattering cross section (σscatt) of a 25 nm diameter silica nanoparticle is only 0.0081 nm at 532 nm, which is less than 1/3 of the absorption cross section (σabs) of a typical single-chromophore fluorescent dye such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (a molar extinction coefficient of 68 000 M–1 correspondsponds to an absorption cross section of 0.026 nm).
Examples of sources of uncertainties are the cross sections used in the simulations, both with respect to the mass attenuation coefficients employed for various materials and the estimated density map obtained using CT.
