We don't know their long-term safety profile, so we have to look for clues elsewhere – for example, studies that measure side effects of short-term use (results from these are promising) and studies about how e-cigarettes affect your blood, lungs and heart.
Example studies that have focused on everyday observed events include Brownlee and Berthelsen (2004), Rogoff et al. (1998) and Rolfe et al. (2002).
These climatic changes profoundly altered many species' geographic distributions: The aforementioned example involving hippos is just one example; studies that have considered Pleistocene fossils explicitly have also analyzed beetles (Coope 1979), trees (Davis 1986), and mammals (Graham 1986).
For example, studies that examine the risk for spontaneous abortions in women exposed to a drug during pregnancy are susceptible to immortal time bias because the chance of drug exposure increases the longer a pregnancy lasts.
For example, studies that use phylogenetic algorithms to assess the lineage of H5N1 Avian Influenza strains isolated in animals and humans would fall under this category.
Some approaches (for example studies that developed a framework for analysis from literature review) are explicitly more deductive, but this is not always the case.
For example, studies that use cases of WNV found in dead crows to quantify the risk of the disease in humans, would fall under this category.
For example, studies that are based on hospital and emergency department admissions will report a higher incidence rate than studies that are only based on one of these two.
For example, studies that compare Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients with ACS and or chest pain are inconclusive about the reasons for the differences in-hospital and survival rates.
For example, studies that do not find associations with the regions described in this review are possibly less likely to be submitted for publication, leading to a publication-based biased overview of associated regions.
For example, studies that reveal the process or dynamics of a particular issue could be better achieved by qualitative than quantitative research methods (McIvor and Paton 2007).
