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However, the limitations of this method (for example, selection bias) need to be acknowledged and the implications for interpretation considered.
For example, selection bias and/or systematic error may occur because the cases were from the hospital and the controls were from the community.
However, cluster-randomized trials also have limitations, for example, selection bias can occur and withdrawal drop-out of whole clusters may seriously affect the validity of the results.
If asymmetry is seen, this will be discussed to consider reasons other than publication bias for example, selection bias, reporting bias, data irregularities, true heterogeneity and artefacts.
Some biases, for example selection bias and some forms of measurement error can, affect the results in a direction that is difficult to predict [ 6].
Even quantitative discussions of, for example, selection bias are typically limited to examinations of participation rates or to potential sampling bias due to self-selection.
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For example, a selection bias may arise when factors distinguish the ASD case group from the underlying population above and beyond having symptoms of ASD, such as race, socioeconomic position, or access to health services.
Only to give an example, a selection bias factor of 1.7 refers to a 1.7-fold higher likelihood of selecting a "case" rather than a "non-case" in 2008 compared to 2000.
This is an example of selection bias.
This may occur, for example, due to a selection bias where one treatment is preferred for frail patients with low life expectancy to another for healthy patients with high life expectancy.
The Danish national patient registry includes all hospital admissions in Denmark and is therefore not affected by selection bias from, for example, selective inclusion of specific hospitals, health insurance systems, or age groups.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com