These examples of substitution are biased to clinical tasks rather than preventive services, but this probably reflects communities' health needs.
The Recombineering approach based on generated PCR products might be used not only for target genes disruption, but for integration of relatively short DNA fragments, for example, for substitution of recombinant regulatory regions (i.e. promoter, RBS) of a particular gene for its native regulatory region [ 16- 19].
This is an example of "diagnostic substitution" — as information on new autism classifications has gradually spread, the label "autistic" has been used more commonly for children who previously would have been labeled something else.
An example of a substitution to achieve idiomatic equivalence was the word "cranky," a North American colloquialism that was translated into "bad tempered/moody" in UK English, "bizarre" in French, "genervt" in German and "irritable" in Spanish.
For example, comparisons of substitutions between preferred and unpreferred codons in A. thaliana and A. lyrata found no significant difference in selection intensity in these two lineages (Wright et al. 2002, 2007).
Similar examples of primitive substitution or transposition ciphers abound in the history of other civilizations.
An example of a parallel substitution is the substitution between Val and Gly at the site 81 (Gregersen et al. 1986), which was frequently observed on several branches in the non-PBR tree.
For example, a study of substitution rates in the 18S rRNA gene found that less than half of the parasitic taxa had elevated rates of molecular evolution (3 out of 16 hemiparasitic taxa, and 8 out of 17 holoparasites [ 7]), and only some of the nuclear genes in a study of substitution rates in the holoparasitic root parasite Balanophora showed significantly increased rates [ 13].
Studies show, for example, that substitution of CO2 and energy intensive materials (steel, alloys, concrete) by wood is associated with substantially lower emissions of CO2 [12 14].
For example after substitution of HES in dogs a prolonged platelet closure time in the PFA was seen, but only at a dose of 20 mL/kg body weight [ 40, 41].
