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A second example of host heterogeneity is the observation that the binding of interferon to its cellular receptor triggers a far more attenuated transcriptional response in African-Americans compared to Caucasians [95].
In addition to the obvious example of host proteins, this scenario represents constant stimulation by commensal bacteria in the gut, or low level, chronic exposure to an environmental agent like pollen or dust mites.
The similarity of schistosome proteins to sex hormone receptors of mammalian hosts provides a good example of host parasite relationship, where the adult worm depends on the host hormone synthesis for their maturation and reproduction [ 3].
A remarkable example of host control is observed when the larvae of the parasitic wasp Glyptapanteles sp. induce their caterpillar hosts (Thyrinteina leucocerae) to behave as bodyguards of the parasitoid pupae after the larvae exits the host [ 25].
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Another example of host-facilitated intron splicing involves the Mg2+ transporter Mrs2p, and the chaperone activity of three DEAD-box proteins, Mss116p, Ded1p and Cyt19p, to promote group II intron splicing in the mitochondria of fungi [ 70- 74].
Another example of host-related differences found during STEC outbreaks is that in two recent large, produce-associated outbreaks, women were more likely to develop the infection than children or men., Could the disparity in STEC cases for these two outbreaks simply be attributed to the healthier eating habits of women compared with men?
Malnutrition [2], hypercholesterolemia [3], and diabetes [4] are examples of host nutritional conditions associated with increased susceptibility to TB.
Host-associated biotypes are well documented in plant-feeding insects, and many examples of host races have been described in phytophagous insects in the last ten years.
Examples of host cellular components that are mimicked by viral proteins include mimicry of receptors and antigens of the immune system.
The plant initiation factors eIF4E and eIFiso4E and their respective partners eIF4G and eIFiso4G are examples of host factors that are required for potyviruses to infect plants.
Another clade was represented by all specimens from M. robustus robustus and M. rufus, together with two examples of host switching by the nematode into M. fuliginosus.
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