Important examples of congenital heart lesions have been illustrated with 3-dimensional reconstruction from computed tomography and magnetic resonance images.
The Osler collection, for example consists of 60 wet specimens while The Abbott collection consists of 80 wet specimens, mostly examples of congenital cardiac disease.
For example, the presence of congenital cardiac disease was identified as a significant factor.
For example, various forms of congenital disorders of glycosylation are caused by a combination of several individual mutations (Freeze 2006).
However, most malformations (for example, 89% of congenital heart defects identified) were diagnosed in the infants before 1 year of age.
Definitions for several of the outcomes varied across the studies, for example, the outcome of congenital malformations included both major and minor malformations in some studies [ 16, 26] while in others only included major malformations [ 7, 18].
For example, the presence of congenital heart disease could possibly be ascribed to the deregulation of the DES, LDB3, POPDC2 and SLC4A3 genes [see Additional file 11: Figure S7], all of which have previously been associated with cardiac function and pathology, such as cardiomyopathy.
Most estimates of odds ratio were around 1. For example, the risks of congenital heart defects associated with maternal use of ACE inhibitors and of other antihypertensives in the first trimester only were 1.14 (0.65 to 1.98) and 1.12 (0.76 to 1.64) respectively (table 2).
A visual summary of these steps is provided in figure 1. Examples of models of congenital defects from this study are provided in figure 2. On arrival at the clinic, parents who had agreed to participate were asked to sign a consent form and to complete a brief questionnaire before their child's consultation.
Chronic granulomatous disease, where phagocytes have a reduced ability to destroy pathogens, is an example of an inherited, or congenital, immunodeficiency.
