An example of antigen-specific immune therapies undergoing clinical investigation include glutamate decarboxylase (GAD 65, identified over 20 years ago as a β-cell specific autoantigen.
Not unexpectedly, LDL is a target - examples of antigens as culprits include apolipoprotein B peptides [ 14] (apolipoprotein B being the major carrier protein in LDL) or antigens in the phos-pholipid moiety such as phorphorylcholine (PC).
An interesting example of overexpressed antigen is the peptide recognized by a CTL on a renal cell carcinoma and encoded by gene MOK (RAGE-1) [ 88].
One example of tumour antigens is p53 (Angelopoulou et al, 1994; Soussi, 2000).
Human DNA is an example of self-antigen that undergoes age-associated genetic and epigenetic alterations [ 7- 11].
To exploit this methodology in the study of pathogen-induced host cell signaling and to provide a general framework on how to approach FRET analysis in the context of receptor-initiated signaling cascades, we have used the example of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM -mediated CEACAM -mediated Gram-negative pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
For example, inclusion of antigens from both growing bacteria (Antigen 85 and ESAT-6) and dormancy antigen Rv2660c or HspX from M. tuberculosis could enhance vaccine efficacy in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines in animal models.
For example, different levels of antigen protein expression may have influenced induction of the immune response.
For example, oral feeding of antigen may result in tolerance through anergy [39]; intravenous injection of antigen may delete antigen specific T cells rapidly, with remaining cells hyporesponsive; while the subcutaneous injection of antigen may delete antigen specific T cells, with the remain cells hypersensitive [36].
For example, the determination of antigen levels of uPA and PAI-1 in tissue extracts of primary breast cancer has entered clinical practice for risk-adapted, individual therapy decisions in patients with lymph node-negative disease [ 11, 26].
There have been recent examples of residual antigen persisting long after infection in mouse virus infection models [40], [41].
