Sickle-cell anemia, for example, is caused when children inherit two defective copies of a gene involved in making hemoglobin.
Beriberi, for example, is caused by a severe lack of vitamin B1, which is found in so many types of food — fish, eggs, brown rice, pork and peanuts among them — that most people need not be concerned about sufficient intake.
Superficial fungal infections, also called dermatophytosis, are confined to the skin and are caused by Microsporum, Trichophyton, or Epidermophyton; athlete's foot, for example, is caused by Trichophyton or Epidermophyton.
And Kuhn himself argued that ideas that have been rejected by contemporary science -- that heat, for example, is caused by phlogiston or that mental health is regulated by humors in the body -- have been rejected not because they were wrong but because they no longer served the needs of scientists.
Cystic fibrosis, for example, is caused by a spectrum of different mutations in the CFTR gene, each causing symptoms of varying severity in patients and responding differently to new experimental drugs.
Pain, for example, is caused by tissue damage or trauma to bodily regions, and in turn causes beliefs (e.g., that one is in pain), desires (e.g., that one relieves the pain), and behaviors like crying out, nursing the damaged area, and seeking out pain relieving drugs.
Ocean warming, for example, is causing coral bleaching around the world.
"Maize lethal necrosis virus, another new example, is causing major crop losses in east Africa," says Dennis Rangi, executive director of international development at the UN-originated Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (Cabi).
Friction with the tides for example is causing the earth's rotation to slow, although there seem to be other complicating influences and this effect seems irregular and hard to measure.
The Witch Creek fire, to take only one example, was caused by an arcing power line in the San Diego backcountry.
It could be argued that the horsemeat scandal, for example, was caused in part by the cheaper prices of a similar commodity and the low risk of detection.
