For example, in speech signal processing, a periodic impulse-train is often used as an excitation of the vocal tract system [1, 11, 13].
For example, in eukaryotes, signal recognition particle (SRP) can pause translation of secreted proteins to facilitate their translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum.
For example in signal processing applications, a cluster of related or similar signals can be compiled in one run.
This occurs in many domains, for example in wireless signalling, social interactions and audio communications.
This provides a first in vivo example in protein signaling networks that shows noise-induced bimodality due to its inherent nonlinear signal processing without positive feedback.
Indeed, in many applications, it is necessary to draw samples from complicated univariate target pdf (as example in signal processing, see [38]).
Dosage effect [ 45] may also be particularly important, because the proportions of single components of protein complexes, for example in signal transduction, strongly influence the efficiency of the entire complex.
For example, in GDS531, the signal intensities recorded from FOSB, FOS, DUSP1, NR4A2, EGR1 and RGS1 approached the levels of GAPDH (Supplementary Table 4).
This is necessary to unravel mechanisms of signal crosstalk, for example in growth factor signaling, which are otherwise blurred by cell-to-cell variance.
For example, in EGFR/HER2 signaling pathways, cross-talk with other signaling pathways may occur at various levels of signal transduction: receptor level, mediator level and effector level [ 1].
