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Or, the example in population genetics that I gave where you want to estimate allele frequencies.
The applicability of the method to real-world problems is illustrated by means of an example in population biology: the discrimination of four competing models of the growth of phytoplankton in a bioreactor.
For example, in population dynamics, since a growing population consumes more (or less) food than a matured one, depending on individual species, this leads to neutral equations [2].
Therefore, FDEs are a very important topic both in theory and application, for example, in population models, in engineering, in chaotic systems and in modeling hydraulics.
For example, "in population genetics we've been building models of human population history, and ancient DNA gives us a way of testing these models.
Such problems arise in the mathematical modeling of various practical phenomena, for example, in population dynamics [4], the study of bistable devices [5], description of the human pupil-light reflex [6], and variational problems in control theory [7].
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More generally, our simulation results provide an example for deriving mechanistically informed rationales for improving value-based decision making, as for example in populations that show impaired value-based decision making due to an increased randomness in choice behaviour as, for example, during healthy ageing41,42.
For example, in populations with low CD4 levels in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults, such as Ethiopians [52] and Chinese [53], thresholds above 350 cells/µL would probably be (even) less efficient than in other populations.
This situation may arise, for example, in populations of promiscuous species that live at high densities, store sperm over several ovarian cycles, have long mating seasons, but modest egg production compared to other species.
For example in populations of Fennoscandian lesser white-fronted goose (Anser erythropus), changes in immigration patterns led to a temporary increase in genetic variation within a declining population [ 22].
For example, in populations that are differentially affected by changes in environmental conditions, phenology (i.e. timing of reproduction) may become more or less synchronized, impacting the opportunity for reproduction across populations.
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