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For example, in longitudinal analysis, scores are nested within students, and students are usually nested within classes.
This might arise, for example, in longitudinal imaging studies, in pharmacokinetic studies where a serial collection of blood or other samples is required and in studies where surgical procedures or drug administrations are performed under anaesthesia on different days.
Injury data, such as incidence and severity of injury can be compared between sports, gender and ages and be followed over time, for example, in longitudinal studies of injury prevention measures at the national level.
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For example, in a longitudinal study examining 13 biomarkers as predictors of mortality, about 40% of the participants were missing information on one or more biomarker [17].
For example, in a longitudinal study of 186 women in the US, women with higher ED gained more weight than women with lower ED (6.4 kg vs. 2.5 kg over 6 years)[10].
For example, in the longitudinal analysis of walking speed, the intervention group improved by 7.6 units more than the control group (SE 3.0, P = 0.013; compare with Table 2).
For example in a longitudinal study individuals' probability of dropout may depend on past health measurements but not on current health.
For example, in a longitudinal, multicenter AIDS cohort study examining retention after 9.5 years, lower education level was significantly associated with nonparticipation [ 24].
For example, in the longitudinal study of Pessa et al. [ 15], the age range of the female young group was 5 17 years.
For example, in a longitudinal study published in the 15 January 2001 American Journal of Epidemiology, Yawen Cheng of Harvard Medical School and colleagues found that in men who began the study without hypertension, baseline bone lead level predicted development of the condition six years later.
For example, in two longitudinal studies, one involving ~3500 adults from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANESS) [ 13] and one on ~9400 adults in the China Health and Nutrition Survey CHNSS) [ 2], there was an inverse association between occupational activity and risk of obesity.
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