So, for example, in evolutionary terms, it does not make sense to distinguish learning a survival or vocational skill and learning "for learning's sake".
Because even a single point mutation in the binding site of an OR can alter the ligand specificity thereby increasing or decreasing the affinity of the OR for certain odorant molecules [ 44], a large number of paralogs could be advantageous, for example in evolutionary arms races between predator and prey.
Badlangana, N. L., Adams, J. W. & Manger, P. R. The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cervical vertebral column: a heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes?
As an abstract mathematical function, a landscape applies to widely different complex systems, for example, fitness landscapes in evolutionary biology for defining populations and species.
Here, we review examples in which evolutionary biochemists have used big data and high-throughput experimental tools to shed new light on the enormous functional diversity of extant enzymes, and the evolutionary processes that gave rise to it.
Below we present an example in which indirect evolutionary rescue is more important than direct rescue even when both predator and prey traits evolve.
For example, using reasoning based in evolutionary psychology, Grammer et al. found that women used alluring and bold clothes (.i.e., sheerness) to court a partner, meet new people, and flirt.
Beyond motivations from within mathematics, the sources of these problems lie in, for example, graphs and trees in evolutionary biology and medical imaging; mass-action kinetics of chemical reactions; computational geometry, symbolic computation, and combinatorial game theory; and geometric statistics of data sampled from highly non-Euclidean spaces.
This approach is considered the most cost-effective method for both: i) gene expression profiling [ 28] to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in tree growth and adaptation (for example, [ 29]); and ii) polymorphism detection [ 30, 31] for applications in evolutionary ecology (for example, [ 12]), conservation and breeding (for example, [ 13]).
Because of their independent origin in at least two lineages of mouthbrooding cichlids (not counting the genital tassels of some Tilapia species), egg-dummies on cichlid fins are likely to represent another example of evolutionary parallelism in the adaptive radiations of cichlids in East Africa – in this case involving a rather complex ethomorphological trait.
Because of these, we can see more clearly how rule following or algorithmic reasoning lost its connection with human reasoning even to the extent that rationality could be understood to characterize not only nonhuman activities but also activities located elsewhere than in a thinking mind, for example, in the genes of evolutionary biology.
