For example, in ecology, a decline in diversity over time may indicate a gradual extinction of an ecosystem, while a rapid decline may indicate an extinction due to some sudden impacts.
For example, in ecology the node variables can represent presence or absence of a species in a geographic location, while arcs can represent predator-prey, host-parasite, mutualism, or synergism inter-species relations [26].
The sensory arms-race between bats and their prey is a classic textbook example in sensory ecology.
Numerous examples in community ecology prove that unoccupied niches still occur which offer opportunities for novel adaptations [9], [10], including the development of new foraging specializations and predator-prey interactions [11].
Daphnia, a group of model organisms in ecology, evolution and biomedical research [ 25, 26], provide a classical example for the role of modality.
Researchers should be aware that differences between isolates (for example, in their geography, ecology, and life history), while potentially confounding, might also lead to new insights regarding regional adaptation and variation, and dispersal.
In ecology, for example, debate regarding the importance of complexity in ecological systems and the relationship between complexity and ecological stability began in the 1950s.
As an example, gorillas live in ecologies (jungles) in which reproductive resources (food, mates) are concentrated and highly contested, and physically strong males can monopolize access to these resources.
In a report in tomorrow's Science,* scientists report the first example of a chaotic pattern in ecology: population growth in cannibalistic beetles.
A possible reason for this is that students has lower prior knowledge in ecology (for example, they knew very little about the role of bacteria in a fish tank) as compared to kinematics.
As far as we know, on the propagation of the species, large cross-diffusion will result in more complex dynamic behavior in ecology, for example, large cross-diffusion can destabilize a uniform positive equilibrium which is stable for the ODE system and for the weakly coupled reaction-diffusion system [27]; see also [19, 28] and the references therein.
