For example, "hypothesis-driven science" is seen as abandoned through the adoption of degree-of-difference thresholds and other simple recipes for DNA-barcoding-based species delimitation (deSalle et al, 2005).
In this representation, fragment hypotheses are open structures whereas example hypotheses are closed structures.
The first source is the dataset itself, providing the top level example hypotheses and the second is a machine learning algorithm, namely a Decision Tree, producing structural hypotheses.
For example, hypothesis-based toxicology studies may be needed when the protein's biochemical function suggests it may be potentially toxic to non-target organisms.
For example, hypotheses underlying the law of mass action are not satisfied in the gene transcription process.
For example, hypotheses for particulate pollution include disturbance of the autonomic nervous system, 6 changes in blood coagulability consequent to alveolar inflammation 7 and the translocation of particles and/or their constituents into the blood.
In such a research environment, for example, hypotheses for the differences in colorectal cancer risk could be systematically tested, rather than the current ad hoc approach, where interesting observations are made but not studied in depth, a problem exemplified in the UK since at least 1984.
For specific choices of h P and h R, this includes, for examples, hypotheses on the differences, the relative risks or the odds ratio of the proportions.
Brazdil et al. (2009) distinguishes declarative bias specifying the representation of the space of hypotheses (for example representing hypotheses using neural networks only) and procedural bias, which affects the ordering of the hypotheses (for example preferring hypothesis with smaller runtime).
