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Two scenarios were considered: amenity irrigation and irrigation of ready-to-eat food crops, and calculations were carried out for six example hazards (norovirus, Cryptosporidium, cadmium, lead, PCB118 and naphthalene) and using UK-specific input values.
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Methodologies used to assess these risks tend to be engineering-based and include, for example, hazard identification and event rate estimation techniques.
Selection of a query term, for example Hazard, extends the chemical identifier list with a pre-generated MeSH query associated with the term of interest.
For example, Hazard went to France to join Lille's academy when he was 14, Mirallas joined the same club at 16 and Vertonghen was the same age when he joined Ajax's youth set-up.
Ash fall vulnerability estimates are also more easily developed for buildings as the mechanism through which damage occurs is typically distinct (loading), whereas for pyroclastic density currents, for example, hazard parameters include temperature and lateral pressure, as well as the duration of these impact mechanisms on the structure (Blong 2003; Spence et al. 2005; Jenkins et al. 2014).
Example hazard curves for the Weibull function are shown in Figure 4 a.
Consistent summary statistics (for example, hazard ratios and variance) were not available for all trials making more detailed analyses impossible.
However, the use of AD to conduct a meta-analysis has inherent problems, for example, hazard ratios are not always explicitly given in publications, leading to the development of alternative techniques to extract appropriate summary statistics [ 4].
Measures extracted in duplicate were relative risks (for example, hazard ratios, odds ratios), population size, characteristics of the study population, number of incident peripheral arterial disease events, and adjustments.
For example, hazard ratios and associated measures of uncertainty may only be available for each active treatment relative to a single common comparator (e.g. placebo) as is commonly reported in the published literature.
Unlike most meta-analyses where the main statistic of interest (for example, hazard ratio with confidence intervals) is reported in individual studies, our main statistic of interest "lag time to benefit" (that is, the number of years until the absolute risk reduction crossed a certain threshold) was not reported by individual studies.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com