For example, for sheared (trans Hoogsteen/Sugar edge) pairs, one base is highly conserved (always A or mostly A with some C or U), while the other can vary (G or A and sometimes C and U as well).
Examples for shear stress sensitive microorganisms, for which no specific cultivation systems exist, are many anaerobic bacteria and fungi, such as basidiomycetes.
Numerical examples for shear band simulations show that the proposed second gradient continuum model can produce stable, accurate as well as mesh-size independent solutions without a priori assumption of the shear band path.
Design guidelines as well as a design example for minimum shear reinforcement that the design engineers can follow are given.
For example, the shear correction factor for (m, n) = (3, 1) is similar to that for (m, n) = (1, 3); likewise, the shear correction factor for (m, n) = (5, 1) is similar to that for (m, n) = (1, 5).
For example, the shear modulus and strength for aspect ratio ξ = 0.177 are 1106.79 MPa and 612.06 MPa, which are 13.5 and 31.1 times larger than the values of the flat graphene system, respectively.
For example, Rac is required for shear stress-induced matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) expression in chondrocytes [ 44], and activated Rac can induce expression of the MMP1 in fibroblasts [ 45].
Other forces, for example shear force of fluid and water evaporation etc. are more dominant driving forces, at least with in the GDM itself.
For example, shear in one direction can produce twinning while shear in the opposite direction cannot, which results TCA (Vinogradov et al. 2015), for which CRSS differs based on the loading directions.
The idea behind these applications is that, for example, shear stress alone does exist in many in vivo biological environments such as articular joints, as the synovial fluid flows during movement, and therefore, shear stress alone can induce chondrogenic differentiation or a shear stress that is created in trabecular bone which performs as a stimulator of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
