For example, for invasive breast cancer ORs were 1.7 (95% CI: 0.8 to 1.8) for high follicular/low luteal estradiol, 1.5 (95% CI: 1.0 to 2.3) for low follicular/high luteal estradiol, and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.9 to 1.9) for high estradiol in both phases, all relative to low estradiol in both phases.
For example, for invasive breast cancer, premenopausal testosterone was not associated with premenopausal disease (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8 to 1.4), but was significantly associated with postmenopausal disease (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.8) with a similar pattern for ER+/PR+ cancers, as well as for free testosterone.
Cases included in the previous analysis were similar to the new cases with regards to case characteristics (for example, invasive vs. in situ, hormone receptor status, grade, stage), and risk factor status (for example, family history of breast cancer).
For example, invasive species may perform functions lost after extinctions (resuming lost pollination services, for example; Cox and Elmqvist 2000), and species may be intentionally introduced to resurrect lost roles (Griffiths and Harris 2010).
Nuclear grading was determined for tumors in which tubular differentiation could not be assessed (for example, invasive lobular carcinomas).
For example, invasive cane toads in Australia from the leading edge of the invasion have longer legs and can move farther per night than those in the interior of the range (Phillips et al. 2006; Brown et al. 2007; Phillips 2009), suggesting that selection favors increased dispersal ability at the leading invasion edge.
For example, population-based surveillance for invasive H. influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the US Arctic demonstrated prevaccine incidence rates of invasive disease of 601 cases and 129 cases per 100,000/population in Alaska Native and non-Native children <5 years of age, respectively (26 ).
For example, invasive plant species may gain a competitive edge over native species by changing local ecosystem processes such as water availability, nutrient cycling or fire regimes.
On California's Anacapa Island, for example, invasive rats – probably stranded there by a 19th Century shipwreck – were eating their way through vulnerable Scripps's Murrelet eggs and chicks.
For example, invasive plants can alter the fire regimen (cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum), nutrient cycling (smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora), and hydrology (Tamarix) in native ecosystems.
For example, invasive bacteria, such as Salmonella and Listeria, enter epithelial cells through macropinocytosis and receptor-mediated phagocytosis, respectively.
