Caste development in honeybees (Apis mellifera) is a remarkable example of, and model for, developmental plasticity.
Our setup can compensate sample dynamics on a time scale below minutes and suits for example applications for developmental biology such as organ growth and morphogenesis in embryo and larvae.
To further confound the problem, they can be very far away from the target genes or even can be located on a different chromosome [ 15], making their characterization extremely difficult by computational methods such as comparative genomics approaches, although there are successful examples, in particular for developmental enhancers that tend to be more conserved [ 16, 17].
For example, developmental changes during childhood make it difficult for single instruments to be valid from infancy through adolescence.
For example, for our lung-developmental genes (column 1 in Table 2), we searched for the keyword "lung" in each abstract, and a p-value was derived for tissue-specific keyword enrichment compared to all genes on the exon-junction arrays using Fisher's exact test (Table 2).
It is difficult to guess whether a hotspot could be the expression of a locus actually controlling the transcription of many genes, or that of a major (for example, developmental) player that has indirect effects on many genes' expression (as secondary consequences of a strong phenotype for example).
Previously, tumour antigens were not easily identified, but currently identified antigens include glycoproteins and glycolipids (for example, gangliosides), developmental and over-expressed antigens (for example, CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), gp75, MAGE, tyrosinase, melan-A, mucin [MUC]1), and mutated oncogenes (for example, p53, HER-2/neu, ras) [ 1].
Four years ago, for example, developmental biologist Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte of the Salk Institute for Biological Sciences in San Diego, California, and colleagues coaxed skin cells from HGPS patients to morph into one stem cell variety, so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
In addition, the concerns of this period motivated the development of a variety of theoretical models of aesthetic response grounded in, for example, developmental and environmental psychology (Kaplan and Kaplan 1989, Bourassa 1991).
The conduct of trials in children is beset with special difficulties associated with the dearth of treatment data, the considerable heterogeneity of pediatric patient populations connected with (for example) developmental stage, and the strong desire of parents to see that children are provided with the best possible care at all times.
