This review demonstrates the potential of these markers to identify OS in samples taken from humans and animals suffering from, for example, atherosclerosis, hypertension, or Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease.
For example, atherosclerosis results in blood vessel blockage caused by a solid composite of cholesterol with CaPO4, while dental caries and osteoporosis mean a partial decalcification of teeth and bones, respectively, that results in replacement of a less soluble and harder biological apatite by more soluble and softer calcium hydrogenorthophosphates.
For example, atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries causes myocardial infarction and angina pectoris.
7 Elderly patients may have decreased renal function due to physiological changes and due to age-related diseases, for example, atherosclerosis, heart failure and diabetes.
For example, atherosclerosis develops first in the aorta and proximal portions of the main branch coronary arteries and later in the common and internal carotid arteries.
A variety of factors that influence bone metabolism are involved in the development of vascular disease, for example, atherosclerosis and vascular calcification.
Besides their classical role in the development of IgE-mediated acute hypersensitivity reactions, including asthma and other allergic disorders, MCs exert pathophysiological effects in a wide range of different chronic inflammatory diseases, for example atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and obesity [ 46].
For example, atherosclerosis, a common finding in the older cardiac patient, has been shown to alter inflammation and repair mechanisms in swine models of renal ischaemia and reperfusion [ 22, 23].
For example, atherosclerosis [ 11] and smoking [ 12], along with diabetes [ 13, 14], have been linked to IVD degeneration, although the influence of insulin-dependent diabetes on susceptibility to human disc disease remains unproven [ 15].
Indeed, an impressive amount of data shows that NOX isoforms are up-regulated in many cardiovascular as well as other chronic diseases and their risk factors, for example atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, aging, smoking, inflammation, as well as sepsis, cancer and neurodegeneration.
