PNECs of 2.19 μg L−1 for nano ZnO and 0.168 μg L−1 for nano Ag were, for example, estimated by Loureiro and van Gestel (2013).
(4) Many studies have shown that the effect of treatment on tumours can be assessed by means of changes in tumour characteristics other than size, for example, estimated by positron emission tomography (PET) or magnetic resonance imaging or spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) (Padhani and Miles, 2010).
A more recent example estimated parameters by fitting a viral dynamics model to viral load measurements taken in a clinical trial of a new Hepatitis C antiviral (Rong et al. 2010).
For example, estimates by Mercer and others indicate that losses just for the major risks (e.g., employee accidents, office theft, etc). exceed $85 billion annually; in effect, these dwarf the near $40 billion annually that US companies were hoping to save during the last two years of employee purging.
In India, for example, estimates by different public authorities vary from 53 to 239 million ha (Katyal et al., 1997).
Bananas, for example, are estimated by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation to be the world's fourth most consumed food (after wheat, rice and maize) and form the staple diets of some 400m people in the tropics.
As one can see, the probability estimate is much less varying than in the case of using Algorithm 1. Fig. 7 Reconstructed probabilities of faults in example 3 estimated by the Algorithm 2. While proposed fault detection and isolation algorithm gives promising results, it is more than natural to compare it with the industry standard which is Extended Kalman Filter.
Another reason might be the data quality of both target and predictor variables: The C storage in living forest trees and dead wood for example is estimated by multiplication of the volume of adequately large trees and the tree specific density [28].
The resolution that can be achieved on a given sample with a given setup can for example be estimated by measuring the number of photons collected on a typical image of such sample.
Boeing's $9.2 billion training aircraft contract, for example, was originally estimated by the Air Force to cost $19.7 billion, suggesting Boeing submitted an especially low bid to capture an opportunity its investors saw as critical.
For example, the capacity estimated by maximum method at San Diego is similar to a bimodal distribution.
