Autophagy can be initiated by accumulation of damaged macromolecules, for example damaged mtDNA, during aging [24].
The French have, for example, damaged their effectiveness by dealing condescendingly with the new EU countries from central Europe.
A fine example, damaged beyond full repair during World War II, was the Campo Santo at Pisa, consisting of four ambulatories as wide and lofty as the nave of a church, with inner walls covered with early Renaissance frescoes.
To defend against insects, for example, damaged plants emit volatile organic compounds that attract the herbivore's natural enemies.
For example, damaged mitochondria are selectively targeted for autophagy, thus reducing the release of pro-apoptotic mediators into the cytosol and subsequent cell death [ 1].
For example, damaged molecular species are expected to exhibit age-associated mass shifts, which may be represented by an increase in metabolite diversity, potentially offering a larger repertoire of damage forms than analyzed previously.
For example, damaged or waste molecules are transported within a cell to structures that can break the molecules down, while nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to the next via the release of signaling molecules.
Various types of damage caused by ionizing radiation include, for example, damage to single bases, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks (DSBs) and multiply-damaged sites.
For example, damage ratios – the ratio of the cost of repair to the building replacement cost– are limited at 1.
For example, damage produced by Hurricanes Katrina and Ike in the United States on the facades of tall buildings, located in urban areas, has been documented.
