Simulations were done for both example populations, by sampling with replacement and using both Methods 1 and 2, to estimate the population tree average basal area and the total basal area of all trees, together with their standard errors.
Bootstrapping was performed by sampling through these examples.
Each training data set is a bootstrap sample created by sampling the given examples uniformly with replacement.
A systematic review on the effects of UCT on health in humanitarian disasters highlighted that, if possible, future studies should apply RCT designs as well as conceal allocation and reduce the risk of contamination by, for example, sampling geographically disconnected clusters (Pega et al. 2015).
However, obtaining self-report using less structured approaches may add value, for example by using experience sampling methods [ 52] or qualitative methods.
However, we have shown that using a naïve null distribution, for example, by simply randomly sampling from all genes, would yield many false positives (supplementary fig. S5, Supplementary Material online), because this null distribution would not reflect the inherent properties of gene sets in general.
The agency must react when informed about inaccurate pharmaceutical advertisement claims, but has no system in place to actively survey the adequacy of advertisement claims of pharmaceutical companies for example by random sample checking.
For example, by optimizing sample preparation and measurement conditions, Keshishian et al. [ 13] used MRM and achieved limits of quantification (LO Qs in the low nanogram per milliliter range without the need for antibody-based enrichment.
The influence of acoustic background noise has been reduced, for example, by placing sample inlets at nodes of the acoustic pressure [ 118], employing acoustic notch filters [ 118], using subtraction techniques employing two identical resonators with only one containing a laser beam [ 96], and by reducing noise from the sample pump with a critical orifice [ 46].
