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Brazier and Deverill (1999) identify several criteria that psychometricians use to measure validity in the absence of a gold standard measure [ 6]. 'Known group validity' examines differences between groups which are known to differ in the concept of interest, e.g health utility.
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Pearson Chi Squared tests were used to examine differences between groups (for example clinicians practicing in different settings) in the proportion of respondents giving different choices of gestational prolongation required to change practice.
For the lesioning experiments, t-tests were used to examine differences between groups.
Two independent-sample t-tests were used to examine differences between groups (95% CI, 2-sided).
One-way ANOVAs and chi square analyses were used to examine differences between groups (e.g., gender).
Statistical analyses were conducted to examine differences between groups in terms of the factors mentioned above using a t-test or chi-square test as appropriate.
Since most of the continuous variables were skewed in distribution, we also used the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis test to examine differences between groups.
One-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post-hoc test was used to examine differences between groups.
The Mann–Whitney U-test examined differences between groups.
If significant differences were found, pairwise multiple comparisons were conducted to further examine differences between groups.
The t-test for independent groups was used to examine differences between groups at baseline.
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