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Before using parametric statistical methods to test for differences among groups, data were examined for deviations from assumptions for normality.
Observed genotype frequencies for all the polymorphisms in controls were examined for deviation from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) using a goodness-of-fit χ2-test with one degree of freedom.
All dependent variables were examined for deviation from normality.
The distribution of genotypes in patients and controls was examined for deviation from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.
All polymorphisms were examined for deviation from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium using the Powermarker v. 3.25 package (http://statgen.ncsu.edu/powermarker).ncsu.edu/powermarker
All polymorphisms were examined for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) by comparing actual allelic distributions with those expected from HWE using a χ2-test.
All homozygous strains in the genome were individually examined for deviation in bud site selection during cell division, identifying 127 (3%) homozygous deletion strains that reproducibly displayed altered budding patterns.
Variation in selection pressure among specific branches of the SVP/StMADS11 clade was examined for statistically significant deviations from the alternative model of no variation among branches.
Both Tajima's D and Fu and Li's F statistics test for deviations from neutrality by examining the frequency spectra of mutations in the sample.
The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and examined for their statistical significance of difference with ANOVA and a Tukey post hoc test.
Their responses are averaged after inspection for extreme outliers; as a further check, standard deviations are examined for each item in each country.
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