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These assessments had included neuropsychiatric examination, speech and communication testing, and neuropsychological testing.
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[Explanation] Cross-examination speech Did the speakers show understanding of their opponents' arguments?
Rater C: As I was reading through the constructive speeches, I found myself searching for the kind of weaknesses I would point out in a cross-examination speech.
The aim of a refutation speech is to answer the doubts and questions raised by the opposition in the cross-examination speech and from there to re-state one's own case in persuasive terms.
A cross-examination speech requires the debater to understand and analyse the arguments made by the other side as they are being given, and from there to point out specific flaws and weaknesses.
The debate consisted of three speeches: a constructive speech, which required the kind of skills employed in constructing an academic essay; a cross-examination speech and a refutation speech, both of which reflect the demands of carrying out a class discussion.
Unlike the constructive speeches, the students had very little time to prepare the cross-examination speeches.
The comments on the English cross-examination speeches went as follows: Rater A: These speeches were largely disappointing.
Although they did miss some counter-claims, their cross-examination speeches were logically constructed and clearly explained.
Table 4 Mean ratings for cross-examination speeches of Japanese and English debates Question Japanese English Diff.
As with the cross-examination speeches, the students had to compose the refutation speeches on the spot, and thus the English speakers were at a significant disadvantage compared to their Japanese counterparts.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com