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This, then, licenses, or indeed requires, Suárez to engage in a thorough examination of causation itself.
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The diagnosis of infectious diseases with molecular data, rather than from cultivation or serology, requires a careful examination of criteria for causation (18 ) and may require new molecular surveys of host microbial ecology.
We applied a twin regression analysis (Inference on Causation by Examination of Familial Confounding; ICE FALCON) to assess consistency with a causal component in the association between a predictor (X) and an outcome (Y) by testing if the regression coefficient for the X value of the co-twin decreases after adjusting for the X value of the twin herself.
Refined measures of stress exposures; careful assessment of confounding and reverse causation; an examination of AUD course, including relapse; and the potentiating of stress effects by genetic vulnerability, personality factors, macro-social factors, and other important biological and social domains remain important topic areas in need of more epidemiologic study.
See also Clarke 2003 for a detailed and sympathetic examination of the metaphysics of agent-causation, which ends with the conclusion that there are, on balance, reasons to think that agent-causation is impossible).
Hence, it requires micro (individual) and macro (societal/cultural) examination of context-specific variables to explain causation".
Rather, the close, probing, examination of a process alone cannot account for causation.
That is the doctrine of causation.
The precise chain of causation remains murky.
But the direction of causation is unclear.
The question of causation, however, remains contested.
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