The evolution of exaggerated male secondary sex characteristics is frequently attributed to sexual selection either by female choice or combat among males [ 1, 2].
The toxicological effects included the exaggerated pharmacology and secondary sequelae that resulted from an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent treatment to healthy animals.
Tom of Finland was a prolific fetish artist, specializing in images of men with exaggerated primary and secondary sex traits, such as extreme muscularity and improbably large penises.
Following an exaggerated immune response, secondary molecular events would then lead to global deregulation of cell proliferation and survival of one or a few clonotypes.
The sequelae occurred in rats and monkeys were considered secondary to exaggerated pharmacology and would less likely occur in the intended patient population.
Femoral neck narrowing may be attributable to simple bone remodeling associated with newer orientation of femoral loading (mainly increased valgus compared with the native neck-shaft angle), load transfer through the femoral stem when press fit or cemented, reaction secondary to exaggerated metal ion production, neck impingement on the metallic acetabular component, and so on.
Thus, in chronic granulomatous disease using gp91phox−/− mice, not only is resolution delayed compared with wild-type, but there is a failure of lymphocyte re-appearance predisposing to exaggerated immune responses upon secondary challenge that is rescued by resolution-phase lymphocytes.
Therapeutics designed to reduce Aβ deposition through inhibition of γ-secretase may paradoxically result in further neuronal injury secondary to an exaggerated proinflammatory CNS milieu.
Hyperlactatemia is classically attributed to an impaired lactate clearance, secondary to an exaggerated inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis [ 9] but may also depend on an increased lactate production by the liver [ 10] or the intestine [ 11].
In morbidly obese patients with type 2 diabetes, gastric bypass may often cause complete resolution of diabetes, presumably secondary to greatly exaggerated GLP-1 secretion, which is capable of enhancing β-cell function sufficiently to normalize glucose levels (35, 36).
