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More precisely, we assume that the pair (A,B) is exactly observable for the continuous model, and we derive uniform observability inequalities for suitable time-discretization schemes within the class of conveniently filtered initial data.
Furthermore, when there exists an admissible output operator C such that (C,A) is exactly observable, then g(A) is bounded for all g with g(−s)∈H∞, i.e., there exists a bounded H∞-calculus.
If system (1.1 - 1.2 1.1 - 1.2ly observable is somexactlyτ, it is exactly observable in any time.
(iii) ( A, C ) is backward estimatable. . ( A, C ) is exactly observable.
Recently, the authors have demonstrated that the real state of a fractional order system is not exactly observable [3].
To solve the infinite-dimensional system in the paper, we assume that the system is well-posed, i.e. the system is exactly observable.
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It is this uniqueness which guarantees that one operator represents exactly one observable so that observables (and thereby their values) in different contexts can be equated.
"But we still need to pin down exactly what observable things about a teacher matter for their effects on students".
If future migrants would have had exactly the same observable characteristics asnon-migrants, the between-group aspiration differential would have been 0.022, orabout 30percentnt of the actual difference.
MKC assume, for measured observables, that there is finite precision in the choice of different orthogonal triples, such that we cannot, in general, have exactly the same observable twice, as a member of two different triples.
Additionally, the improvement of some 10 PISA points of the first-generation immigrant students that cannot be explained by changes in observable characteristics matches exactly the non-explainable improvement for second-generation immigrants whose parents had all migrated to Switzerland under the old migration policy.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com