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Overall, we found that OTS have blunted hormonal responses compared to ATL, but not to NCS, whereas ATL showed more exacerbated responses than NCS.
Although it is understood that treating the cytokine storm observed during an influenza infection with steroids is in-effective [22], [34], no studies to our knowledge involving models of cigarette smoke and virus have addressed if a steroid intervention would control the exacerbated responses observed in smokers.
Recurrent and exacerbated responses to respiratory infections in early life are potential mechanisms for the increased risk of developing bronchiectasis in those exposed to arsenic in early life (Smith et al. 2006).
This study examined whether LPS and ovalbumin co-administration could exacerbate the airway inflammatory and functional responses to ovalbumin in conscious guinea pigs and whether these exacerbated responses were insensitive to inhaled corticosteroid treatment with fluticasone propionate (FP).
The exacerbated responses, including increase of the ventilatory equivalent and decrease of end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide, indicate that this exercise protocol may be useful in the characterization of the functional deficit of the surgical limb during rehabilitation.
These results have implications for understanding alterations in the neural circuitry underlying emotion-cognition interactions in anxiety disorders [72], [73], such as clinical social phobia, in which exacerbated responses to anxiety-inducing social contexts leads to debilitating effects on social behaviour.
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EPI−/− mice exhibited an exacerbated response to TPA.
Authors have previously argued that age-related immune dysfunction is due to an exacerbated response in the acute time period to both infectious and non-infectious inflammation [ 44].
Notably, PTP1B KO macrophages showed upregulation of many genes activated after DNA damage (i.e., PCNA, ATR, CHEK2, GADD45A and BAX) and this exacerbated response could explain the apoptosis of these cells at 48 h.
It is possible that under an exacerbated response, which is observed in ML even after clinical cure [ 4], the presence (or absence) of the T allele does not affect the levels of IFN-γ.
The results of these reported studies confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of adenosine acting at A3 receptors because animals deficient in this receptor show an exacerbated response to the inflammatory insult.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com