Contemporary school reformers ignore this balance between basic skill and background knowledge, and exacerbate disadvantages of impoverished black youth.
In turn, that's causing some to withdraw into their own communities, leading to suspicion, mistrust and hostility on all sides, and exacerbating disadvantage.
Higher transport costs could exacerbate transport disadvantage and cause social exclusion, yet the fine scale comparison of the spatial variation of oil vulnerability within cities has not been fully explored to date.
Regardless of the context, the absence of formal registration and legal identity can exacerbate existing disadvantage, and result in harmful and lasting consequences in children's lives.
The bizarre form that Belgian federalism has taken thus exacerbates the disadvantage already faced by federal polities when coordinating law enforcement and security.
Parenthood exacerbates these disadvantages, especially in females.
The distinction between blindness and neutrality becomes clear when one considers that often a choice must be made between alternative race-blind policies, some of which ameliorate and others that exacerbate the social disadvantage of blacks.
Cutting penalty rates would exacerbate inequality and disadvantage, the Australian Council of Trade Unions has warned, as a cabinet minister reopened the controversial debate by urging a rethink on the existing penalty system.
But a London-imposed agenda to deal with pressing social disadvantage exacerbates a politics of competitive grievance, as poor white and Asian communities compete to argue over which is worse off, with the tensions exploited by both the far right and extremist community activists and ending in riots like those in Bradford, Burnley and Oldham in 2001.
All of which puts kids like Kevin, thrown into less than ideal educational circumstances beyond their control, at a constant disadvantage, exacerbating the very educational and social problems that the reforms were designed to resolve.
