"A new public program similar to Medicare would exacerbate cost-shifting, which already adds $1,500, or 10percentto thethe average premium for a family of four," Ms. Ignagni said.
Binding credit constraints in principle exacerbate cost-cutting strategies, but the effects on price and output channels are ambiguous.
She argues that a public option would "bankrupt hospitals, dismantle employer coverage, exacerbate cost-shifting from Medicare and Medicaid, and ultimately increase the federal deficit".
Though sold as a means of curbing the growth of medical expenditures, it is very easy to imagine this package of reforms actually exacerbating cost growth.
But it will continue in an economic and cultural climate hostile to the "other", exacerbating costs and limiting the benefits.
Mr Goreux's study suggests that the subsidies, by exacerbating price falls, cost Africa $250m in export earnings last year.
Despite these advantages, geotechnical concerns such as ballast degradation, fouling (e.g. coal and subgrade soil), poor drainage of soft subgrade, pumping of clayey subgrade, differential track settlement and track misalignment due to excessive lateral movements exacerbate the cost of track maintenance.
The BoJ's Mr Nishimura ventures that the downward pressure on prices may be exacerbated by ageing in countries like Russia and China, whose entry into the global economy helped fuel the world's recent asset-price boom.Grey marketIf ageing does exacerbate the costs of a balance-sheet recession, what can policymakers do about it?
This is only exacerbating the cost of higher education and the debt burden on students, which is set to rise again this year in the U.K".
This will further increase and exacerbate the costs for infrastructure development and maintenance as well as the need to ensure safety, security and resilience in mass transportation.
While the latest survey of manufacturing today showed the recovery is strengthening, companies are still cutting jobs and battling rising commodity prices with the weak pound exacerbating high costs for raw materials.
