The highly derived (advanced) cognitive abilities of humans have been attributed to an evolutionary increase in overall brain size (Finlay and Darlington, 1995) on the one hand, and evolved alterations in the relative volumes and connections of the brain's internal components ('neurological reorganization') on the other (Teffer and Semendeferi, 2012).
Although some bacterial species recombine frequently, other bacterial species are highly clonal, evolving mainly through alteration of vertically inherited genes.
These changes may evolve by alterations in the number and type of sensory receptors each neuron expresses, by the efficacy of signal transduction in sensory neurons, or by the strength of connectivity of the neuron to its postsynaptic partners.
Spine degeneration is a biomechanically related continuum of alterations evolving over time.
Hence a novel mathematical framework is necessary to investigate the extent of heterogeneity of an asexually evolving population accumulating alterations with large fitness effects over time.
The biological mechanism(s) underlying radiation-associated fatigue are unclear; however, evolving evidence implicates alterations in immune effector function, namely increased proinflammatory mediators [ 9, 22].
Once the serrated adenoma has evolved, additional somatic alterations altering Wnt signaling, such as AXIN2 methylation or frameshift mutation, may contribute to the adenoma's further growth.
Increasing evidences suggested that epigenetic alterations are evolving as an important mechanism in cancer initiation and progression (Momparler, 2003).
Accurate diagnosis of AKI becomes problematic when renal homeostasis is considerably influenced by rapidly evolving circulatory and inflammatory alterations.
Genes transcriptionally upregulated through promoter hypomethylation during malignant progression to high-grade glioblastoma were enriched in cell cycle function, evolving in parallel with genetic alterations that deregulate the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint.
