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K88R was also approximately neutral for two out of three evolved wild type (RifS) genotypes, and for the remaining one it had a small positive fitness effect.
This fitness is intermediate between the fitness of 27 for the evolved T7:12(1)13_150 (reported above) and the 42.6 of evolved wild type (Bull et al. 2011).
For evolved wild type (WT), rad52 Δ, tsa1 Δ, and ts-wells, single colonies were isolated and genomic DNA was prepared using two rounds of phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation with an intervening RNaseA step (75 μg/ml RNaseA at 37°, 30 min).
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We tried to improve clarity by changing the text at two points: We sequenced the whole genomes of evolved wild-type lines and bem1∆ lines.
In fact, final fitness remained depressed 9 dbl/hr below that of the evolved wild-type; with a 15-min generation time for both phages, the difference corresponds to a nearly fivefold difference in number of offspring.
Perhaps PPV contribute to the hydrogen tunneling in optimally evolved wild-type enzymes, but the protein scaffold, electrostatics, and local equilibrium motions may explain most of the enzyme catalysis.
Coincident with the reorganization, there was an immediate fitness increase of 11 dbl/hr, yet over the next ~180 generations of adaptation, fitness increased only 2.5 dbl/hr further, and final fitness remained depressed well below that of the evolved wild-type.
Understanding the virus characteristics associated with enhanced transmissibility even in an imperfect animal model, such as the ferret can benefit surveillance for naturally evolving wild viruses if they continually mutate toward a "genomic signature" that could be recognized as potentially predictive of a certain phenotype.
Evolution is arrested by clonal propagation, leaving the naturally evolving wild species to appear more derived.
The prevalence of dominant and non-additive responses reveals that introgression between domesticated and wild populations considerably alters the genetic control of mRNA levels from that evolved in wild individuals, and therefore may disrupt gene regulatory systems important for developing phenotypes for optimal fitness in nature.
Many species, such as barnyardgrass, evolved from wild ancestors.
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