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Our MCD data provide a more formal argument for why parasites may have evolved to express cytoadherence during the ring stages.
An important physiological question to answer in the future is why the gltIJKL locus evolved to express such a potent GcvB sponge.
Several recent models have shown that genetic networks that evolved to express plasticity also allow for faster genetic adaptation (Espinosa-Soto et al. 2011; Fierst 2011; Draghi and Whitlock 2012).
Strains grown under full induction of LacZ and fixed concentrations of lactose evolved to express the predicted optimal levels of the enzyme, highlighting the fitness advantage obtained by optimal expression [ 6].
With the evidence from current and previous work, we can infer that an ancestral Sbe gene has duplicated at least twice during the evolution of maize, and these evolved to express three different SBE isoforms with highly specific functions in starch biosynthesis.
In the ARL population, 2005 genotypes showed increased photosynthetic rates in both Dry and Moist soil compared to 2004 genotypes; 2005 ORD genotypes expressed significantly higher photosynthesis in Moist soil but lower photosynthesis in Dry soil, and WEI genotypes evolved to express lower photosynthetic rates across soil treatments (Fig. S2D F).
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Gene duplication and neo-functionalization are well known mechanisms by which specific genes can evolve to express different isoforms of enzymes with slightly specialized expression patterns or different enzymatic activities [ 60- 62].
At the ESS in the kinship theory, all of a gene's expression comes from the single active allele, which evolves to express at its parental origin's optimum.
It appears as though several cancers, including lung, ovarian and colon carcinomas as well as melanomas, have evolved to over express PD-L1 [54].
This provides an approach to answer the basic question of whether genes on the island have evolved to be expressed only in the host of origin or are able to be expressed in other bacterial backgrounds.
This kind of approach would allow the researcher to ask several key questions concerning the evolution of a genomic island that are difficult or not possible to answer with sequence analysis: (1) Have the island genes evolved to be expressed in only the host in which they are found or are they able to be expressed in other bacterial hosts?
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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