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Others have suggested that mammals' brains are proportionately larger because as many early mammals evolved smaller bodies, their brains failed to shrink to scale.
Wrangham has argued that our ancestors started cooking food about 2 million years ago, when humans evolved smaller teeth and guts.
The populations evolved smaller body size during the first five generations, and the smaller fish became less fertile because they produced fewer eggs.
This finding is consistent with the expectation that, at an equal biomass, exploited populations that have evolved smaller body size should excrete nutrients at higher rates than unexploited populations.
For instance, a hatchery stock of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Canada evolved smaller eggs and supplementation of wild populations using this stock reduced egg size in introgressed wild populations, resulting in reduced fitness in nature (Heath et al. 2003).
In fisheries, intensively harvested wild populations have repeatedly evolved smaller body size, younger age at first reproduction, and higher reproductive allocation (Jørgensen et al. 2007; Dunlop et al. 2009; Sharpe and Hendry 2009).
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Other experts have contended that the hobbits are Homo sapiens who evolved small stature in isolation and hypothesized that genetic or pathological disorders accounted for their abnormally small brains.
Analysis of the size of bone cells from fossils shows that the saurischian dinosaurs — the branch of dinosaurs from which birds are descended — evolved small genomes (and, presumably, high metabolisms) early on.
Similarly, many modern, complex organizational structures may be ill-fitted to our evolved small-scale psychology (Van Vugt and Ronay, 2014).
Others contend that the hobbits are merely H. sapiens who evolved small stature because they lived on an island (ScienceNOW, 11 March) and that the one tiny skull belonged to a diseased individual (ScienceNOW, 5 March).
Therefore, organisms have evolved small RNA-based defense systems to fight these elements (Malone and Hannon, 2009).
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