To test whether the microcosms diverged or evolved in parallel, we calculated the Index of Parallelism (Ix) as the ratio of effects due to chance and adaptation [26], [27].
To a large degree, modern forestry has evolved in parallel with the movement to conserve natural resources.
Bombers evolved in parallel with fighters, changing to high-strength metal construction in the late 1920s and to monoplane design, which brought higher speeds, in the early 1930s.
That's because the bug, Aedes aegypti, has evolved in parallel with humans, living around them and breeding in even the smallest puddles of water — rainwater in a discarded can, say, or the saucer under a flower pot.
The sport evolved in parallel on both sides of the Straits of Florida in the late 1800s, and eventually became a symbol of Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain.
He selected North American and East Asian species (cedars, magnolias and witch hazels, to name a few) that share characteristics because they evolved in parallel on separate continents that were one land mass long ago.
But even as the exhibit shows how the games have evolved in parallel, it conveys the unmistakable theme that what many Americans view as their national game was originally an English sport, played by children nearly 300 years ago.
Burning Man and Silicon Valley evolved in parallel, straddling the concept of the open platform.
If so, then the derived traits they share with later hominins must have evolved in parallel (i.e., independently).
Despite the common origins of vaccination and immunology concepts, the two disciplines have evolved in parallel directions independently.
Comparison of jellyfish and vertebrate retinas suggest that they evolved in parallel by independently recruiting similar genes in their retinas.
