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Across the 1000 posterior trees, cylindrical leaves have evolved an average of ten times (minimum eight, maximum 17) in core Ruschioideae, whereas stone leaves have evolved an average of 13 times (minimum nine, maximum 17) in core Ruschioideae.
Three of the five low-fitness lines maintained an average 2° Δ M w of −0.26%/generation, whereas no high-fitness line had an average 2° Δ M w of more than −0.15%/generation, or in other words, no high-fitness line evolved an average 2° absolute fitness (W) anywhere near as low as even the highest of the low-fitness lines (line 550, W MA = 57.2).
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This finding is also highly consistent with a report that the proteins of genes expressed in a tissue-specific manner evolve an average of twice as fast as those that are ubiquitously expressed [ 26].
In the M7-M8 comparison, we found that 15% of residues have evolved with an average dN/dS ratio of 1.8 indicating that IL4 has evolved under recurrent diversifying selection in mammals (Table1, p < 10-4) consistent with previous reports [ 16- 18, 25].
This underlines that mandible shape evolved under an average functional regime and that in that regime, the complex of jaw bone, masticatory muscles, teeth, and even behaviour, evolved as a co-adapted system.
However, to understand the effect of mutation rate on our results, we repeated the time-to-evolve estimation procedure with values of 2 Nµ that are an order of magnitude greater or lesser than 10−. Figure 5 A shows how the time to evolve a CRM, averaged over the 28 target patterns, changes with the values of 2 Nµ.
The evolved lineages displayed an average fitness reduction of 1.2% (± 1.3 SE), relative to fastest ancestor.
The evolved lines have an average mortality rate of 54% per daily cycle, compared to the ancestral rate of 34%.
The relative contribution of OOA evolves from an average of 63% of the organic matter in submicron particles at urban locations to usually more than 90% in rural and remote locations [ 6].
It should be noted that arthrosis usually evolves rather slowly (an average of 28 years), and appears to continue whether the shoulder is stabilized or not.
(C ) Integrated vector forces F (t ) shown localised at centre-of-mass coordinates x (t ) (red: per frame, black: averaged over O(10) frames), evolve cyclically around an average trajectory.
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