Their branches represent evolving lineages, some of which eventually die out while others persist in themselves or in their derived lineages down to the present time.
Most evolved lineages adapted through mutations in the HOG pathway, but showed hampered osmotolerance.
We recognize that although evolving lineages are not fulfilling a preordained plan, they do adapt or respond to environmental conditions.
Here we discover, through multiple evolved lineages, genetic determinants underlying glycerol catabolism and the associated fitness trade-offs.
When played out over time, this general process is termed "anagenesis" and the mechanisms include natural selection, sexual selection, and genetic drift operating on single evolving lineages.
New species originate and remain thereafter separate if they are reproductively isolated, in other words, reproductive isolation separates evolving lineages by cutting off gene flow between them [1].
Curiously, the more recently evolved lineages of Prochlorococcus that exploit the surface mixed layer niche were also the most sensitive to HOOH.
However, delimiting recently diverged lineages is challenging due to insufficient time for the differential evolution of characters – including morphological differences, reproductive isolation, and monophyly in gene trees – that are typically used as evidence for separately evolving lineages [5].
Finally, we not only identify sets of independently evolving lineages with this approach, but also identify cohesive sets of populations, particularly in situations where mtDNA distinctiveness would suggest divergence.
dN/ dS ratios were higher in European evolved lineages from northern climates compared to North American evolved lineages from temperate regions, but these differences were not statistically significant.
