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Despite considerable advances in the field, a hotly debated question remains whether speciation always requires geographic separation or instead can evolve in spite of gene flow [ 4, 6- 12].
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In essence, fairness evolves in spite of spite, when players start out using different strategies.
For both Spencer and Sidgwick, utilitarian practical reasoning exposes, refines and systematizes our underlying moral intuitions, which have thus far evolved in spite of their under-appreciated utility.
Yes, it's true: we are evolving, in spite of any evidence to the contrary.
It's more like "in spite of".
He's very highly evolved, but in spite of that, he can still get drunk and go to a brothel and have a good time".
Taken together with several related studies from the same area [ 29, 30] this indicates that these traits can evolve rapidly and in spite of conditions that are generally assumed to constrain adaptation.
However, as mentioned above, we have found the F-males to evolve reduced harming ability in spite of evolving larger body size, indicating their reduced investment in reproductive behaviour and/or physiology.
The exchange of ideas and a vision for the future is why Israel has evolved so rapidly, in spite of a dearth of natural resources and the constant threat of war and terror.
The advantage of AI approaches is that they can be easily applied to learn from examples and to evolve suitable prophesy models in spite of the limited understanding of the underlying molecular processes.
We also observed that core proteins evolve faster than attachment proteins in spite of their higher multifunctionality, which is incompatible with the proposal of the neutral theory of molecular evolution.
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