The avoidance of imperfection sensitivity is achieved by searching with an evolutionary algorithm for smooth cross-sectional shapes that maximize the minimum among the buckling loads of geometrically perfect and imperfect wavy shells.
According to Reuters, a top Kremlin economic aide said China and Russia would "state their stance that the global currency system needs smooth evolutionary development".
Based on prior data, we hypothesize that epistatic forces operate most strongly between residues nearby in the structure, resulting in smooth evolutionary importance across the structure.
Together, our results are consistent with smooth evolutionary pathways for the acquisition of the BADH function from ancestral I441-type AMADHs, thus explaining the relatively high occurrence of this event.
There may well be genes whose entire evolutionary histories are smooth and regular, but there are surely not enough of them to resolve all phylogenetic questions, and we will be forced to use other, locally reliable genes to resolve certain parts of the tree of life.
The Smoothing Evolutionary Structural Optimization (SESO) technique was extended to solve 2D elastic problems with constraint of displacements or natural frequencies.
Early studies, albeit based on an unrealistic genotype-phenotype map, suggested that plasticity could improve the efficiency of an evolutionary search by smoothing fitness landscapes [ 75].
By providing this smoothing, evolutionary capacitors act as adaptive devices or 'widgets' [ 5] that increase evolvability, defined as the rate of appearance of heritable and potentially adaptive phenotypic variants [ 6].
Electrical results obtained with interconnects with end-of-roadmap feature sizes give confidence in a smooth and evolutionary extension of local interconnect technology for at least one decade.
There have been a number of theoretical studies of evolutionary dynamics on both smooth and rugged landscapes [2], [3], [8] [14].
