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Like the evolutionary offspring of its predecessors.
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In the case of manipulation, the evolutionary trajectories of offspring traits are indirectly driven through selection on alleles associated with maternal behavior (Craig 1979).
Similar studies in other species, under different sets of environmental conditions, could illuminate whether developmental maternal effects are generally the passive influence of maternal environment or an active maternal strategy, and thus to what degree evolutionary change in offspring traits are governed through an extended phenotype.
PI thus evolves as an interacting phenotype and indirect genetic effects may strongly affect the co-evolutionary dynamics of offspring and parental behaviors.
It's been nearly 40 years since the biologist Robert Trivers posited that the evolutionary imperative to maximize offspring would lead to mostly promiscuous males and nonpromiscuous females.
Just like humans, killer whales experience menopause – and the rare evolutionary trait improves their offspring's chances of survival, according to experts.
The improved DE algorithm introduces three different mutant strategies to generate different offspring into evolutionary population.
The improved DE employs three different characteristic mutant strategies to generate different offspring into evolutionary population.
But the finding raises doubts about other experiments meant to show that attractive males really do pass good genes to their offspring, says evolutionary ecologist Doug Mock of the University of Oklahoma, Norman.
This creates new, possibly beneficial combinations of genes, which can give offspring an evolutionary advantage.
Yet, we could expect that the changes in sex ratio might trigger an evolutionary response also in offspring sex ratio.
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