In the adaptation view, rape is a facultative reproductive strategy, meaning that rape is the result of natural selection favoring men who commit rape when its evolutionary benefits in terms of producing offspring outweigh its evolutionary costs (such as decreases in the number of offspring produced because of injury or punishment).
Rutledge and Warden (1999) originally developed the MATE to assess high school biology teachers' acceptance of evolutionary theory in terms of process of evolution, scientific validity of evolutionary theory, evolution of humans, evidence of evolution, scientific community's view of evolution, and age of the Earth.
Even without flying ability, he said, wings and feathers offered evolutionary benefit, in terms of isolation and catching prey.
Evolutionists are accustomed to portraying the evolutionary process in terms of neatly branching trees, not Noah's arks.
Steward, inspired by classifying the native cultures of North and South America, focused on the parallel developments of unrelated groups in similar environments; he discussed evolutionary change in terms of what he called "levels of sociocultural integration" and "multilinear evolution," terms he used to distinguish neoevolution from earlier, unilineal theories of cultural evolution.
He also characterized evolutionary change in terms of different levels of causative and explanatory principles.
Static models depict evolutionary processes in terms of fitness costs and benefits.
The geotextile polymeric materials (textiles used in a soil environment) have followed an evolutionary path in terms of material development.
The functional role associated with mental kinds might for example be given an evolutionary account in terms of adapted modules (Cosmides and Tooby 1992).
It is shown empirically that CTFEA outperforms the existing evolutionary algorithm in terms of both approximation quality and convergence speed, especially in solving large mesh optimization problems.
