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Science makes this understandable as a consequence of the evolutionary enlargement of the human brain; females of other animals do not experience this difficulty.
Any evolutionary enlargement of body size should then occur as a consequence of increases in cell number, as well as an increase in size of slower dividing cells.
This rapid evolution suggests these genes may have had a key role in the evolutionary enlargement of the brain, although the link of CENPJ and MCPH1 to the evolution of gross brain size was not confirmed in the association analysis of absolute neonatal brain size among primates [ 16].
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These findings, together with emerging evidence of similar expansions of gene repertoires for other TR chains in ruminants [ 85, 86] suggest that strong evolutionary pressures have driven a generic enlargement of TR gene numbers, and thus greater potential TR diversity, in the ruminant lineage.
These findings, together with the evidence of the expansion of gene repertoires for other TR loci in ruminants [ 33- 35], suggest that strong evolutionary pressures have driven a generic enlargement of TR gene numbers, thus generating a greater potential TR diversity in this lineage.
So would Darwin have objected to this enlargement of the mechanisms of evolutionary change?
We speculate that these enlargements of the DG molecule may have conferred evolutionary advantages by imposing a more rigid structure of the DG extracellular region and the presentation of the N-terminal domain and laminin-binding region at a greater distance from the cell-surface.
The brain enlargement characteristic of both Neanderthals and modern humans appears to have followed distinct evolutionary trajectories in the two lineages, with Neanderthals retaining an archaic brain shape despite larger size, and modern humans exhibiting distinct shape, as well as increasing size (Bruner et al. 2004).
Evolutionary studies of MCPH1 have demonstrated a rapid change in protein sequence associated with the brain enlargement during primate evolution and human origin.
Although polyploidy often represents a bottleneck due to difficulties with meiosis, nuclear enlargement, and/or epigenetic instability (Comai 2005), it has the potential to promote longer-term evolutionary success (Mayrose et al. 2011).
Mammalian target of rapamycin is an evolutionary conserved multiprotein complex involved in nutrient availability, ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis leading to both cell enlargement and proliferation.
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