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One possibility is that there is simply no evolutionary effect at play.
However, intensive socialization could "mimic" the evolutionary effect at the individual level in wolves by lowering emotionality and leading to increased performance in some human controlled communicative situations.
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They explored the evolutionary effect of fishing on size at maturation by assuming the existence of two populations of the same species differing only in the probability of age at first reproduction.
However, for variations to have evolutionary effect they need to be (at least partly) hereditary or heritable (see entry on heritability; I will here focus on hereditary variations and hereditary transmissibility as defined above, and will not discuss the notion of heritability which is a population term).
This allows us to look at the shorter term evolutionary effects of substitution biases, both at the DNA and protein levels.
We are at the very beginning of understanding evolutionary effects of light pollution and how they may in turn feedback on ecological interactions.
As the observed female length-at-age patterns increased with F, the plastic effects out-weighed evolutionary effects.
At a more general conceptual level, this work is important in that it puts together, within a single conceptual framework, the evolutionary effects of genotypic and phenotypic mutations.
It remains to be seen whether eco-evolutionary effects ultimately place particular populations at higher or lower risk of extinction.
Higher atmospheric CO2 may also have macro-evolutionary effects.
The evolutionary immunization effect is similar to our result in that the presence of a predator species in the early evolutionary stage of the community (the predator and a consumer species coexist at the evolutionary branching point with a lower u value in Fig. 1b f) can lead to the evolutionary coexistence of the full community (the predator and two consumer types) (history 1 in Fig. 1b f).
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